BIO 385 — Invertebrate Zoology

Invertebrate Diversity
Kingdom Protista: Protozoans

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Phylum Ciliophora

Characteristics Most unicellular; some colonial Cilia used for locomotion Body shape maintained by protein-fibrous pellicle Have both macro- and micronuclei Most with cytostome (=cell mouth) Reproduce asexually (fission) or via conjugation		Carchesium sp., a stalked ciliate; collected Tres Rios, Toleson, AZ	Vorticella sp., a stalked ciliate; 400x	Acineta sp., a Suctorian that lost cilia as adult
	Paramecium caudatum, 400x See also labeled photo.	Blepharisma sp., 400x	Spirostomum sp.	Bursaria truncatella; 100x
	Euplotes sp., 400x	Didinium sp., 400x	Stentor coeruleus, 200x See also labeled photo.	Holosticha sp., a large pigmented marine ciliate
	Tracheloraphis sp.; a worm-like marine ciliate	Dileptus sp. is a predatory cilate with an elongated, flexible proboscis	An elongated marine cilate, probably Epiclintes sp.	The winged cilate, Folliculina sp., a species with a test

Phylum Dinoflagellata (Dinozoa)

Characteristics Two flagella in grooves: one transverse, one longitudinal Both photosynthetic and hetertrophic forms; many can switch Some are bioluminescent Most are unicellular, but some form colonies Population booms cause "red tides" Many photosynthetic forms are endosymbiotic in other protozoans and animals such as corals

The Dinoflagellate, Peridinium sp., live individual See also labeled photo.

The Dinoflagellate, Peridinium sp., stained slide

The marine dinoflagellate, Amphidinium sp.

Phylum Apicomplexa

Characteristics Unique apical complex (not visible with light microscope) Lack cilia, flagella, pseudopods All are parasitic Gregarines infect various invertebrates Coccidians infect mostly vertebrates

Monocystis lumbrici gametocyst and spores; a gregarine found in the seminal vesicles of earthworms; feeds on sperm; 400x

Phylum Metamonada

Characteristics Multiple flagella: 4 to 1000s Lack mitochondria All are endosymbionts of animals; may be beneficial or harmful

Trichonympha sp., a Parabasalid endosymbiote from the guts of termites where it digests wood; 200x

Wood-digesting endosymbiotes from termites gut: 2 Dinenympha sp. on left and a Pyrsonympha sp. on lower right (both are Oxymonadids).

Trichomonas vaginalis, a parasite in human urogential tracts; stained whole mount; 400x

Phylum Euglenozoa (Euglenida)

Characteristics Have 1 or 2 flagella Single nucleus Reproduce asexually (fission) Includes free-living and parasitic forms Euglenids are mostly free-living Have proteinaceous pellicle to hold shape Most are photosynthetic via secondary endosymbiosis Kinetopastids are mostly parasitic Flagellum forms edge of undulating membrane along elongted cell Greatly elongated mitochondrion (stained dark in photo) Many have complex life cycles, often with multiple hosts	Euglena sp.; 400x See also labeled photo	Lepocinclis acus, an elongated species; 400x	Phacus sp., AZ; 200x
	Peranema sp.; a non-photosynthetic euglenid; 200x	A non-photosynthetic marine flagellate, probably Petalomonas sp.; 200x	Trypanosoma rhodesiensae in blood smear; Causes African Sleeping Sickness. 1000x

Phylum Amoebozoa

Characteristics Cell surrounded by plasma membrane; some form an external test Pseudopodia used for locomotion Most free-living, but a few are endosymbiotic, either commensal or parasitic Reproduce asexually (fission) The classification of ameboid protozoans remains controversial	Amoeba proteus; 100x	Amoeba proteus; 100x	Chaos carolinensis (a.k.a. Pelomyxa carolinensis), 100x
	Difflugia sp., an amoeba with a test composed of mineral grains; 400x	Arcella sp., an amoeba with a chitinous test (dorsal view); 200x	Dog-vomit Slime Mold, Fuligo septica aethalium (= fruiting body); AZ

Phylum Foraminifera

Characteristics External test (skeleton), usually of calcite (CaCO3) Tests usually a series of chambers of increasing size Tests have 1 or 2 holes through which pseudopods are extended Heterotrophic, but some have symbiotic algae Marine

Foraminiferan "strew" (tests); 100x

Live unidentified foraminiferan

Tests of "Star Sand" Foraminifera, including Calcarina sp. (has club extensions) & Baculogypsina sphaerulata (star shaped); from Okinawa, Japan

Phylum Radiolaria

Characteristics Limited to no locomotion Internal siliceous skeleton; typically with elaborate structure Have axopods similar to Heliozoans, but these are not visible in dead tests Heterotrophic, but some have endosymbiotic dinoflagellates Marine waters only

Radiolarian "strew" (tests); 100x

Radiolarian "strew" (tests); 100x